Le Pouvoir des contes par Ouafaë NCIRI
Les mots ont le pouvoir d’illuminer la noirceur
Samuel Becket
Nous sommes à la « Villa de Arts » de Rabat, aujourd’hui on conte.
Deux maitres de la parole, Mohammed Bariz, célèbre conteur de Marrakech et Michel Galaret, conteur de Cajarc nous ouvrent le répertoire des « Mille et Une Nuits ».
Jorge luis Borges disait des « Mille et Une Nuits » que c’était un des plus beaux titres au monde.
Ce texte fabuleux, ce corpus littéraire unique a exercé une véritable fascination sur les traducteurs, penseurs et écrivains : Goethe, Poe, Borges, A.Kilito, Italo Calvino, Aboubakr Chraibi, Jamaleddine Bencheikh…
Contes enchâssés, fables didactiques, personnages en miroir, les « Nuits » constituent un texte d’une prodigieuse fécondité, une toile d’araignée verbale et un dédale salvateur. Salvateur, car les « Nuits » sont aussi l’histoire d’une guérison.
C’est l’histoire de Shahrayar, meurtri par la trahison de son épouse, jure qu’il épousera chaque soir une femme qu’il décapitera le lendemain pour être sûr qu’il ne sera plus trompé. C’est Shahrazade, fille du grand vizir, qui va grâce aux histoires qu’elle raconte chaque soir au roi, différer sa mort et sauver sa tête, mais également guérir Shahrayar de sa folie meurtrière.
Nous sommes au Liban, pendant la guerre. Jihad Darwich, grand conteur libanais nous dit que sa mère racontait des histoires à Lara, sa petite fille ; et que pendant ce moment, la guerre, la peur, le bruit des tanks dans la rue, l’enfer des bombardements sur la ville, cessaient d’exister.
Il nous dit ceci :
« Le conte réorganise le monde pour le sortir du chaos. »
Les contes ont ce pouvoir, celui d’apaiser le monde quand il est plongé dans la violence et la barbarie.
Nous sommes chez les Cunas, groupe ethnique amérindien
Quand un accouchement s’annonce difficile, on appelle le chaman/conteur. Il raconte à la femme en souffrance comment le héros de l’épopée après être descendu dans le ventre du grand poisson, lutte pour en sortir. Dès lors le corps de la mère s’apaise, le col suit le récit et s’ouvre et l’enfant arrive tel Jonas sorti des entrailles du monstre. C’est ce que rapporte Lévi – Strauss concernant l’efficacité symbolique des contes et chants thérapeutiques. La métaphore aide à conceptualiser ce qui ne peut être compris par la désignation. Et aujourd’hui, par les images qu’il réveille, le conte véritable médiateur de la vie psychique intervient de plus en plus dans différentes formes de thérapies.
Nous sommes à Lyon où Nadine Decourt, anthropologue à l’université Lumière de Lyon, mène une recherche sur le contage dans la région lyonnaise dans le contexte de l’immigration. Des femmes issues de l’immigration, très peu scolarisées vont se retrouver dans le cadre d’une formation en alternance non pas pour être conteuses mais dans l’objectif de dire des contes de la tradition orale de leur pays d’origine et de se réapproprier leur propre patrimoine. Cette démarche consiste à partir de la culture de ces femmes, donc de la reconnaître. Et ces femmes, fortes de leur savoir et porteuses de leur patrimoine peuvent trouver le moyen de s’ouvrir à un pluriel culturel et de mieux s’insérer dans leur environnement. Le conte devient alors un outil de dialogue et un médiateur culturel ; il peut lever les barrières et permettre aux minorités culturelles de reprendre conscience de leur identité et de leur humanité.
Voilà pourquoi il faut raconter des histoires.
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